He aha ia kumulāʻau? ʻO kēia kekahi o kēlā mau nīnau paʻakikī loa e like me ka pane pololei; mea like paha: nā mea kanu me nā kumu lāʻau a me nā lau. Akā, e like me ka hapa nui o nā nīnau e hōʻike ana iā lākou iho he aneane maopopo loa, mamao loa ka pane mai ka maʻalahi. ʻIke ʻia ʻo ka nui o nā pūʻulu lāʻau kahiko loa, e like me ka Cladoxylopsida (he ʻano mea make mai kahi o 380 miliona mau makahiki aku nei), he lau ʻole.
ʻO ka mea ʻē aʻe, ʻo nā 'lāʻau' - a i ʻole ka mea maʻamau a mākou e hoʻokaʻawale ai - ʻaʻole pili i kahi hui monophyletic kuʻuna. ʻO ia hoʻi, ʻo nā kūpuna maʻamau o nā kumulāʻau he mau mea aole laau – ʻo ka lāʻau maple a me ka mulberry ʻelua mau laʻana. Ua like kēia me nā mea i ʻike nui ʻia o ka carcinization, kahi e ʻike ai i ka ulu ʻana o nā crustaceans i nā ʻano like me ka pāpaʻi. I kekahi la'ana o ka ho'ololi ho'ololi 'ana, ho'ololi mau nā hui like 'ole o nā mea kanu - i kekahi mau 'ano, ho'oka'awale 'ia ma ka 'āina a me ke kino - i mau lā'au. ʻAe, aia nā lāʻau, akā hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia ke ʻano o ka 'lāʻau' ma ke ʻano he abstraction; he kumu hoʻohālike manaʻo e hāʻawi ana i kekahi ʻano o ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i kahi pūnaewele paʻakikī.
Maikaʻi ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i nā lāʻau ma ke ʻano he hōʻailona hōʻailona i ka wā e noʻonoʻo ai i ka hōʻikeʻike, 'Shadow Forests', na ka mea pena kiʻi ʻo Angela Gilmour a me ka mea kākau ʻo Beth Jones, i hōʻike ʻia i kēia manawa ma The Lord Mayor's Pavilion ma Cork. No ka mea, ʻoiai ʻo ia e pili ana i nā kumulāʻau - nā mea i loaʻa i nā wahi a pau e hiki ke lawe wale ʻia - ʻo ka ʻokoʻa ma ʻaneʻi ʻo ka pau ʻana o kēia mau hiʻohiʻona. Hana nā hana like ʻole e like me nā 'mekini manawa' aesthetic, e hāʻawi ana i nā mea nānā i kahi ʻano ʻike maka iki i kahi atavistic i hala. E like me ka moʻokūʻauhau o ka ʻāpana 'lāʻau', ua hōʻike ʻia nā hana noʻeau i waho i kekahi ʻano ʻano ambiguity ʻoihana, e kahakaha ana i nā moʻokūʻauhau hana hōʻikeʻike, ma loko o ka hale kiʻi kiʻi a me ka hale moʻolelo kūlohelohe.
Ua hoʻomohala ʻia ka hōʻikeʻike mai ka noiʻi kahua i hana ʻia e Gilmour lāua ʻo Jones ma nā wahi like ʻole i loaʻa nā mōʻalihaku lāʻau mai nā ululāʻau kahiko, me nā mauna ʻo Catskill ma New York State a me Svalbard ma ka ʻĀkau ʻĀkau. ʻO nā ʻāpana like ʻole i hōʻike ʻia - nā kiʻi pena acrylic, nā kiʻi mōʻalihaku i paʻi ʻia 3D, nā kaha kiʻi inika, a me nā wikiō - hōʻike iā lākou iho ma ke ʻano he hopena koʻikoʻi o kēia mau haʻawina, me nā hiʻohiʻona kūleʻa ʻoi aku ka hilinaʻi i kēlā ʻano.
ʻO nā kiʻi pena ʻelima i hōʻike ʻia ma ʻaneʻi e hoʻokaʻawale i ke ʻano o nā ʻāina Romanic, kahi, ma ka mōʻaukala, ua lilo ke ʻano i kahua o kahi nani nani. ʻO ka mea hoihoi loa o kēia mau mea, ʻO ka lua i ka manawa hohonu (nā nahele mua - 383 Ma Gilboa, US) (2022), e pale i kēia ʻano, e lawe ana i kahi kitsch, Sci-Fi demeanour, me ke ʻano o nā kumulāʻau Cladoxylopsida i pau i ka claustrophobically i kālai ʻia e kahi lua e noho nei ma ke ʻano he puka i loko o kahi au, no laila hiki ʻole ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai kā mākou iho a hiki ʻole ke hoʻomaopopo pono. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia kēia hui ʻana i nā kiʻi ʻīnika maʻalahi, e hōʻike ana i nā ʻano lāʻau lōʻihi i pau.
I koʻu kū ʻana i kēia mau hana noʻeau, hoʻomanaʻo koke au i ke kanaka i hala; ma waena o nā kenekulia ʻumikūmāhiku a me ʻumikūmāiwa, ua nui nā kiʻi botanical i nā puke pai i hoʻolaʻa ʻia i ka ʻepekema kūlohelohe. ʻO nā kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi lima i lawe ʻia i ke kiʻi, a no laila, ʻo nā kiʻi pena e like me kēia e hoʻohālikelike ʻokoʻa i nā moʻolelo mua o ka ʻoihana, akā ua ana ʻia i loko o nā haneli mau makahiki i hiki ke mālama ʻia, ma mua o nā haneli miliona.
ʻO ka manaʻo manaʻo o ka hōʻike, ʻo ia ka manaʻo o ka 'manawa hohonu', ka mea i hoʻopaʻa i ke kanaka me ka ʻike ʻepekema o nā manawa i ʻoi aku ma mua o ka ʻike kuʻuna kino. ʻO ke au nui o ka mōʻaukala kanaka i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, ma kahi o 5,500 mau makahiki, hāʻule i loko o ka ʻike ʻole ʻia ʻana o ka chronology terrestrial e hoʻonui i hope i nā miliona, nā haneli miliona, a me nā piliona makahiki.
Ke hana nei ka wikiō, Nahele Malu (2022) a me ka Moe o na Laau (2022) e hoʻomaopopo i ka mea nānā, nā waihona lanahu i mea nui i ka hoʻomaka ʻana a laila e hoʻolalelale i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka ʻoihana - nā mea mua i kā mākou ʻoihana hope, ʻike ʻike - i hoʻokumu ʻia ma luna o nā miliona mau makahiki. Hoʻonohonoho mākou e wehe iā lākou a pau mai ka Honua ma lalo o ka hapalua haneli. ʻO nā hoʻonā ʻana i ka pilikia o ka luku ʻana i ka kaiaola he paʻakikī, akā ʻo ke kumu no ka ʻimi ʻana i ke ala i mua he ʻike nui i ka wā kahiko.
ʻO Laurence Counihan kahi mea kākau a me ka loiloi a Irish-Filipino, a ʻo ia ka moho PhD i kēia manawa a he mea kōkua aʻo i ka History of Art department ma University College Cork.
