NĀ NĀ ALISON PILKINGTON I NĀ HANA MAU I NĀ MEA MA KA PALAPALA ʻ IRlani.
"ʻO mākou āpau i kēia manawa, ʻoi aku ka mahele o ka hapa, ka liʻiliʻi o ka mana a ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻaʻole pili iki i nā hopena o ko mākou honua ma mua o ka mea e pono ai. ʻO ia no kēia kumu i pili nui wau i ke ʻano o kahi mea hiki ke hoʻolaha i ka pilina nalowale loa. " 1
ka He mōʻaukala ka huaʻōlelo 'abstract painting' a i ka hala ʻana o ka manawa, ua hiolo nā palena o ke ʻano. Hiki ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia e kākau e pili ana i ka pena kiʻi kahakaha me he mea lā he ʻano kūlana koʻikoʻi kona i loko o nā hana noʻeau o kēia au, he nīnau ʻeleu paha kēia. Ua hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia ka huaʻōlelo a hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia i loko o ka mōʻaukala o ke kenekulia iwakālua, me ka manaʻo kuʻuna o ka abstraction e loli nui ana. Ke ʻōlelo nei ua ola a maikaʻi kēlā kiʻi pena 'i nā hana pena ʻĀlani o kēia manawa me he ala outmode o ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana i nā mea a nā mea pena e hana ai me kā lākou mea a me ka waena. E like me ka mea i wehewehe ʻia e Briony Fer i kāna puke, Ma Art Abstract: "Ma ke ʻano he lepili, aia kahi kiʻi kikoʻī ma ka ʻaoʻao hoʻokahi a pau pū nā mea āpau: uhi ia i nā ʻano mea like ʻole a me nā neʻe o ka mōʻaukala ʻē aʻe i paʻa ʻole i kahi mea maʻamau koe wale nō ka hōʻole ʻana e kiʻi i nā mea."2
I ka huli ʻana i ka moʻokūʻauhau o nā makahiki ʻĀlani iwakālua ma o nā aniani o ka abstraction, maopopo leʻa he manaʻo nui artistic i ka formalism. ʻO Manine Jellet, Patrick Scott, a ʻo Sean Scully lāua ʻo Richard Gorman i kēia manawa, hāʻawi i nā laʻana maikaʻi. He mana ko ka ROSC moʻo o nā hōʻike ma ka pena kiʻi ʻole ʻia ma ʻIlani i nā makahiki 1970 a me 1980. ʻOiai e loaʻa ana nā aʻa i ka abstract formal o ka hopena o 1950, ke hoʻomau nei ka hana a William McKeown i hala i ke ʻano o nā kūlana i ka pena kiʻi hou, e hoʻohana ana i nā mea o ka hoʻouka ʻana, ka abstraction a me ka figura. Kono ka hana a McKeown i ka mea nānā e noʻonoʻo i nā palena, ma ke kino a me ke kino ʻole. ʻO implicit i kāna hana ka nānā a ka mea pena i nā mea hana o ka pena kiʻi. Ke kuhi nei i nā kākoʻo mea mea hoʻopili i ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka mea nānā me kāna mau kiʻi pena, ua ʻōlelo ʻo McKeown "makemake wau i ke ʻano o ka ʻaila i loko o ka lilina, ma mua o ka papa."3
Ma loko o ka hanauna o nā mea pena Irelani i kēia manawa, he wahi nō kā ka abstraction formal, akā ua kāwili ʻia me nā manaʻo ʻē aʻe - ma waho o ke ʻano a me ke kala maʻemaʻe - e hele mai ana mai nā ʻano like ʻole e like me ke akeakamai, nā manaʻo makemakika, nā ʻepekema a me nā mele. ʻIke ʻia kēia ʻano interdisciplinary i ka hana a nā mea pena kiʻi abstract lehulehu o kēia au e like me Ronnie Hughes, Helen Blake a me Mark Joyce. Ua ʻapo kēia mau mea pena kiʻi i kekahi ʻano 'formalism palupalu', kahi e hui pū ai nā makemake pilikino me nā hopohopo pili e pili ana i ka haku mele ʻana, ke kala a me ka hana ʻana i ke kumu. ʻO nā kiʻi paʻi a Helen Blake e nānā i ka pehea e ulana maoli ai ke kala a me ke ʻano i kahi kumu, e kahaki ana i ka mea nānā i ka ʻili o ka pena. ʻO ka maikaʻi o ka pena lima a Blake i waiho ai i kahi no ka ulia a me ka hoʻolālā ʻelua. Hoʻomaopopo like ka hana a me ke ʻano i ka hana a Ronnie Hughes, e like me kona hopohopo no nā ʻōnaehana kanaka a ʻepekema hoʻi. Ma waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, nā pilina a Mark Joyce e hana ai i ka pilina ma waena o ke mele a me ke kumumanaʻo kala, e hoʻāʻo nei pehea e launa ai ke kala me ka haku mele a me ke ʻano.
ʻO ke kuʻina o nā hopohopo pilikino me ka hana kino o ka hana māka ʻana hiki ke ʻike hou ʻia i nā kiʻi pena ʻo Diana Copperwhite a me Damien Flood. ʻOiai ʻaʻole hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia kā lākou hana he abstract wale nō ia, "kākoʻo ia i ke kūlana o ka lima kanaka", e paraphrase ka mea pena ʻAmelika ʻo John Lasker i kāna mau hana ponoʻī.4 No Copperwhite a me Flood, ke kuhi o ke kāhili i kona neʻe ʻana ma luna o ka ʻili a me nā mea i loaʻa wale i kū i kēia hana, me he mea nui lā. Eia kekahi, ke kuhikuhi nei kā lākou hana i ke koʻikoʻi nui o ka mahele ma waena o nā kiʻi abstract a me figurative. ʻO ka manaʻo i ka 'figuration' a me ka 'abstraction' e paʻa ana i nā kūlana hakakā ma waena o ka pena ʻana e like me ka outmode. Me he mea lā ʻaʻole i kaupalena ʻia ka mea pena kiʻi o kēia wā e nā hopohopo pili ʻole o ka abstraction, a i ʻole nā hopena haʻi moʻolelo o ka pena kiʻi.
ʻO kahi ʻano kikoʻī o ke kūkulu hou ʻana i ka pena ʻana i ʻike ʻia i nā hana a nā mea pena kiʻi ʻIlelani Helen O'Leary a me Fergus Feehily. I ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka wehewehe o ka mea e hana ai i kekahi mea i kahi 'pena', kahi blurring o nā palena ma waena o 'mea' a me 'kiʻi' ke kikowaena o kā lākou hana. ʻO ia ʻano 'bricolage' e hoʻokokoke i ka pena ʻana hiki ke hoʻihoʻi ʻia i nā hana montage a Kurt Schwitters a me nā mea pena kiʻi Dada ʻē aʻe.5 Nānā i nā hāmeʻa o ka waena, Helen O'Leary e nānā pono i ka hana ʻana o nā pena a me nā mea e pili ana i kā lākou hana ʻana. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia i kāna hana hou "e komo i loko o kaʻu moʻolelo ponoʻī ma ke ʻano he mea pena, ke kumu o nā wahi neoneo a me nā hemahema o kaʻu keʻena ponoʻī no nā kumuhana ʻelua a me nā mea maka. Hoʻokuʻu pinepine ʻo O'Leary i nā "kūkulu lāʻau o nā kiʻi i hala - nā kīhā, nā panela, a me nā mōlina", ʻokiʻoki iā lākou i "nā papa lima i kūkulu ʻia e ka lima, hoʻopili ʻia a hoʻopili ʻia" e hana ana i "kā lākou mōʻaukala i ka stapled, splashed with ʻāpana o ka pena, a stapled hou i ka lilina maopopo leʻa. "6 I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka hana hou ʻana o nā kiʻi pena kahiko, ʻākoakoa ʻo Fergus Feehily i nā hana mai nā mea i loaʻa a me nā pono. E like me ka mea i ho'ākāka ʻia e Martin Herbert i loko o kāna loiloi o ka hōʻike hōʻikeʻike ʻo Feehily's 2011 ma Modern Art, Lākana: “Deliberation vs. paakiki vs. palupalu; fixity vs. impermanence ... Nui nā ala i ka mea pena. "7
Ma waena o nā haumāna puka ʻē aʻe o ʻIraka, ua ʻike ʻia ka hapa nui o nā manaʻo o ka abstraction a me ke kiʻi ma mua o ka hana pū ʻana me ka honua ʻike. Ke ulu nei ka sophistication i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana a me ka hoʻokele ʻana o nā anuu uila no ka hana ʻana i nā mea noʻeau a pehea e pili ai kēia mau mea i ka pena. ʻIke ʻia kēlā ʻano nīnau i ka hana a nā mea pena kiʻi e like me Jane Rainey, Kian Benson Bailes a me Bassam Al-Sabbah nona nā hiʻohiʻona noʻonoʻo e pili ana i ke ao kamepiula, me nā gliches, nā pakuhi pale a me nā kiʻi polokalamu. Hoʻopiʻi iaʻu ʻaʻole hiki ke hana i kēlā hana ma mua o ka pūnaewele. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole ia wale nō nā mea hoʻonani o nā kiʻi paʻi kiʻi i hoʻohuli i ka pena kiʻi hou; ʻo ka hopena o nā pono uila i ke kūkulu ʻana o ka pena ʻana ua lilo i mea ʻike nui ʻia. ʻO kahi hōʻike hou ma The Hole Gallery, New York, i kapa ʻia ʻo "Post Analog Painting II" i nānā pehea i hoʻopili ai nā mea hana uila i kā mākou ʻano noʻonoʻo "a ʻimi i nā ala e hana ai ka" manaʻo o Photoshop a i ʻole ke ʻano o ka pixelation i kahi ʻano pena a kahi mea pena. ke kala, ke ʻano, ke kukui a me ke ʻano, ʻoiai ke kaʻawale aku mai kā lākou kamepiula lawe kamepiula. "8
I ke kenekulia iwakālua, ua kuhi ka mea kākau moʻolelo kiʻi Pelekane ʻo Clive Bell i ke ʻano a me ke kala ma ke ʻano he ʻelua mau kumu o ka abstraction, e ʻōlelo ana "e mahalo i kahi hana noʻeau, ʻaʻole pono mākou e lawe pū me mākou i kahi ʻano a me ke kala a me ka ʻike o hakahaka ʻekolu ”.9 Ke kākau pololei nei e pili ana i nā haunaele ma waena o ka moho a me ka abstraction, ua ʻōlelo ʻo ka mea pena kiʻi ʻo New York, ʻo Amy Sillman, "ʻo ka mea maoli, e like me ke kino, he mea hoʻohilahila: pulu loa kou lima, hāmama kāu lele, aia kekahi mea ma kou puka ihu , e haʻi aku kekahi i kekahi mea aʻu e ʻike ʻole ai, hōʻike ʻia kāu hoa aloha me kā lākou ipo hou (a ʻano ʻole ka hana o kāu hana). Akā paʻa ʻoe ma laila. ʻO kēlā ʻumeʻume ka mea a abstraction e pili ana: ʻaʻole i kaohi hou ke kumuhana i ka papa, ua kāʻili ʻia ka hōʻike mai ka ʻoiaʻiʻo.10
Naʻu, hana kēia mau ʻōlelo pāʻālua i kahi pae o nā manaʻo e hoʻopuni i loko o ka ʻāpana paʻakikī o ka abstraction. Ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, ua hōʻeuʻeu ka wehewehe a Bell i ka mea heluhelu e noʻonoʻo ai i nā ʻano kiʻi anuanu a nani hoʻi i kamaʻāina a hōʻoluʻolu hoʻi, ʻoiai ma kahi ʻē aʻe, nā huaʻōlelo a Sillmans e hoʻohālikelike nei i kahi ʻano brash, lepo abstraction me nā kiʻi kūpilikiʻi a paʻakikī hoʻi. Maliʻa paha aia kekahi mea ma waena o kēia mau ʻōlelo ʻelua e hōʻike ana i ka mea koi e pili ana i ka pena kiʻi ʻole: kamaʻilio ia i kahi mea i ʻike nui ʻia iā mākou, akā aneane hiki ʻole ke haʻi piha.
ʻO Alison Pilkington kahi mea pena kiʻi e noho a hana ma Dublin.
Notes
1. ʻO Jonathan Lasker nīnauele ma Suzanne Hudson, Ke pena ʻana i kēia manawa, Thames & Hudson, 2015.
2. ʻO Briony Fer, Ma Art Abstract, New Haven a me Ladana: Ke Kula Nui ʻo Yale, 1997, p.5.
3. Corinna Lotz, 'Ke ʻae nei i ka Blur' i loko, William Mc Keown, IMMA Catalog, 2008. p. 61.
4. ʻO Jonathan Lasker nīnauele ma Suzanne Hudson, Ke pena ʻana i kēia manawa, Thames & Hudson, 2015.
5. ʻO Bricolage kahi huaʻōlelo Palani e unuhi paʻakikī ʻia e like me 'do-it-yourself'. I loko o kahi ʻano kiʻi, noi ʻia i nā mea pena kiʻi e hoʻohana i nā ʻano hana like ʻole kuʻuna maʻamau. Ua hele a kaulana ka bricolage i ke kenekulia iwakālua i ka wā i loaʻa ʻole nā kumuwaiwai, me nā Surrealist, Dadaist a me Cubist e hana ana i kahi ʻano bricolage. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole ia a hiki i nā 1960 mua, me ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka neʻe Italia ʻo Arte Povera, ua lawe ka bricolage i kahi ʻano politika. Kūkulu nā mea pena ʻo Arte Povera i nā kiʻi kālai ʻia mai ka ʻōpala, i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana e kāpae i ka hana kalepa o ka honua kiʻi, e hoʻoliʻiliʻi pono ana i ka mea noʻeau a e hōʻike ana i ka waiwai o nā mea maʻamau, nā mea o kēlā me kēia lā.
6. Sharon Butler, 'Nā Manaʻo a me nā ʻImi: Helen O'Leary', twocoatsofpaint.com. ʻOkakopa 2014.
7. ʻO Martin Herbert, 'Fergus Feehily', Hōʻoli,ʻOkakopa 2011.
8. Raymond Bulman, Paʻi Analog pena II, 'ōlelo hōʻike, The Hole Gallery, New York, 2017. theholenyc.com.
9. ʻO Clive Bell, Art, Lādana: Chatto lāua ʻo Windus, 1914, p.115.
10. ʻO Amy Sillman 'Shit e hiki mai ana: nā memo e pili ana i ka Awkwardness', Hōʻoli, Nowemapa 2015.
Nā kiʻi i hoʻohana ʻia: William McKeown, Untitled, (2009 - 2011), kaʻaila ma ka lilina, 40.5 x 40.5 cm; Ma muli o ke ʻae ʻia e ka William McKeown Foundation a me ke Keʻena ʻo Kerlin. ʻO Fergus Feehily, aina, 2008 (hema); Hōkū Hōkū, 2008; mahalo ʻia e ka mea pena kiʻi, ʻo Misako lāua ʻo Rosen, ʻo Tokyo lāua ʻo Galerie Christian Lethert, Cologne.
